从“屯垦戍边”到 “维稳戍边”

伊利哈姆托合提研究院|荷兰维吾尔人权基金会

2020年11月

在中共建立《中华人民共和国》之前维吾尔人曾两次独立建国。1949年王震侵略前，蓝色星月国旗还飘扬在东突厥斯坦的大地上，在军事，政治，经济和外交领域他们是完全独立并与中共没有任何瓜葛。不过今天维吾尔人的国土居然变成了《自古以来是中国领土不可分割的一部分》。在每一年的11月12日维吾尔人以各种形势来纪念他们曾今建立过的《东突厥斯坦共和国》，因为每一个维吾尔人心里都很明白他们不属于中国，正因为如此他们才会不断的遭受迫害并最终落到被种族灭绝。

其实在苏共和共产国际扶持下问世的中华苏维埃共和国在1931年11月，召开的第 — 次全国代表大会上通过了《中华苏维埃共和国宪法大纲》，其中规定：“中国苏维埃政权承认中国境内少数民族达到自决权，一直承认到各弱小民族有同中国脱离,自己成立独立国家的权利。他们完全有自决权，加入或脱离中华苏维埃联邦或建立自己的自治区。中国苏维埃政权现在要努力帮助这些弱小民族脱离帝国主义国民党军阀王公喇嘛土司等压迫统治而得到完全自由，更要在这些民族中发展他们自己的民族文化和民族语言”。他们还向世界宣告无产阶级与被压迫民族是与它站在一条革命展现上，无产阶级专政的国家苏维埃共和国就是它巩固的联盟。 不过，自1949年在中共领导下王震率领解放军侵维吾尔人家园后“民族自决”的承诺从此消失。

1954年《新疆建设兵团》成立并在1955年的第一届党代表大会上批准了《关于新疆军区生产建设部队五年计划草案》的报告（1953–1957年）。计划规定：《第一个五年计划以发展农业为中心，以水利建设为先行，以北疆地区为重点，加速国营农场建设》。这是兵团独霸维吾尔地区土地和自然资源的起点。在这期间兵团没有考虑从地方招收支援青年而是从山东、河南、河北、甘肃、江苏、上海、天津等地招收大批汉人及转业复员解放军到维吾尔地区，至1960年末兵团总人口已达72.41万人，是1954年兵团成立时的4.1倍。到了1964年10月共接收安置了12.67万汉人在兵团。

1958年到1960年“大跃进”期间，兵团掀起垦荒造田建设水利的高潮，以开发名义完全控制了南疆塔里木河流域及北疆玛纳斯河流域并新建了农牧团场107个。塔里木河是维吾尔地区最长的内陆河、全长2179千米它仅次于原苏联的伏尔加河（3530千米），始称塔里木河、在维吾尔语里、意为“无缰之马”和“田地、种田”，它是维吾尔地区的农业发展最主要的水源之一。当时塔里木河两岸胡杨林浓荫蔽日、形成天然绿色长廊、沃野千里。中共“国家综考队”在1958年考察时统计显示：塔里木盆地生长着780万亩的胡杨林，其蓄积量可达540万立方米。不过到了1979年，新疆林业航测计算时，胡杨林已减少到420万亩，蓄积量为218万立方米，比1958年减少了46％。

自然的生态环境、人的生活质量、经济的可持续发展、社会的和谐安定等，都和水有着重要的联系，因此在维吾尔地区的南部，水的问题实际也是一个政治问题、社会问题。水紧缺为什么会在这些年越来越严重？荒漠化←水紧缺←耕地增多←大量开荒←汉族移民有计划的涌入造成水资源紧缺，尤其是塔里木河下游区域的生态不断恶化实际上就是汉人(包括兵团)开荒所造成。

（因断流干涸枯死在河床上的胡杨树）

60年代起，兵团各项事业在中共中央政府的各种扶持下得到了全面发展，农牧团场基本实现机械化、水利化、园林化。而维吾尔人的生活水平随着兵团的发展壮大也已经下降到贫困，落后及各种压力状态中。1962年的伊塔事件后，兵团根据新疆军区的指示，在中苏边境以配合“国防军”的名义增设了 58 个“边防工作站”，并增设农场。

就是说，从兵团这个特殊组织的建立开始，维吾尔人就面临了生存危机。从土改到农民合作社，强征清真寺土地，同时军事镇压反抗掠夺土地的维吾尔人，占有最优质和水源丰富的土地，兵团农业人口不足维吾尔地区总农业人口的9%，却占有全维吾尔地区总耕地面积的三分之一以上。

维吾尔地区的农牧业人口中维吾尔人占80%以上，但是，绝大多数被挤压在耕地不足的和田、喀什，克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州和阿克苏等四地州。这些地区的水资源基本上由兵团控制，维吾尔地区境内共有河流570多条(包括大河支流),除北部的额尔齐斯河流入北冰洋,南部的奇鲁卡普河等小河流入印度洋外,其余全属内陆河。其中年径流量1亿立方米以下的小河流有487条,年径流量1 — -10亿立方米的河流有66条,年径流量10亿立方米以上的大河,北疆主要有伊犁河、额尔齐斯河、乌伦古河、玛纳斯河,南疆主要有塔里木河、叶尔羌河、阿克苏河、和田河、喀什噶尔河、开都河。流经兵团团场的河流有400多条,上述10条大河都流径兵团。而中共统治维吾尔地区的前50年，没有在维吾尔人聚居的南疆四地州， 为这里的农民建立有效的储水设施，也未建防护林，导致这些地区土地缺乏灌溉，水土流失。

缺水，却资金援助，却政策扶持家上兵团的资源争夺让维吾尔人陷入了贫困的泥潭。

中共实施改革开放政策二十多年，由于片面追求经济利益，而置地方经济发展和民生、公平于不顾，使得维吾尔人不能从当地的资源开发中获得本应属于自己的利益，导致经济和社会发展相背离的结构性失调。随之而来的维吾尔人高失业率，南北疆的贫富差距明显拉大，并形成“贫困的南疆四地州”。

在中共统治下“新疆建设兵团”给维吾尔人民带来了史无前例的灾难。过去半个多世纪以来，兵团以它的特殊地位，在中国政府的资金和政策支持下从 “不与民争利”口号下的“屯垦戍边”转变为今天所谓“促进各民族交往交流交融”为主题的“维稳戍边”并成为了中共针对维吾尔人的种族灭绝计划中的“主角”。

根据由中共政治局委员、新疆维吾尔自治区原党委书记王乐泉炮制出来的内部报告“国家利益高于一切 — 新疆稳定问题的观察与思考”综合报告篇报告之二，“1950~1995年新疆地区反分裂斗争的历程”透露兵团驻扎维吾尔地区后所发生的重大维吾尔人抗争事件。

从王乐泉的此报告中不难看出，维吾尔人在中共统治下的1950–1997间在不断被兵团争夺资源及生存空间，因此维吾尔人也从未停止过对侵略者的拼死反抗。。。。不过中国政府始终不是站在解决问题一边，而是把维吾尔人集体当作敌人来对待。

随着中国的发展和壮大，中共对维吾尔人的敌视也不加掩饰的公开化。习近平于2008年4月11日在“王震诞辰的100周年几年日”座谈会上这样评价王震的：《王震同志是中国共产党的优秀党员，伟大的无产阶级革命家、政治家、军事家，坚定的马克思主义者，党和国家的卓越领导人。他在六十多年的革命生涯中，为中国人民的解放和新中国的建立，为社会主义建设和改革开放事业，做出了重大贡献，深受全党全国各族人民的尊敬和爱戴》。

这种评价显然在推翻王震屠杀维吾尔人的罪行。在1949年解放军在王震的领导下进疆途中，凡遭武力抵抗，王震即大开杀戒，每一个解放军被杀，即杀十倍的维吾尔人以报复，有村庄窝藏“叛军”或不交出袭击解放军的“疑犯”，王震军队以大炮轰村进行屠杀。王力雄在他的《我的西域，你的东土》中引维吾尔异议知识份子资料说，王震杀害了六万维吾尔知识份子和宗教人士。

中共在维吾尔地区通过兵团来高压维吾尔人及人为制造贫穷，落后及不安宁。虽然1975年因不断发生的维吾尔人反抗事件，及地方民众的压力下兵团被中共曾短暂撤销。虽然有关当时撤销兵团的原因有不同的说法，但在这些说法唯一的共同点是，维吾尔人的反抗及不满就来自兵团的迫害。

新疆兵团一直以“维护地区稳定”与“和平”当作他们在维吾尔地区合法存在的理由。不过，根据维吾尔人目前的情况可以肯定，兵团在维吾尔地区常年与中共有计划有预谋的把维吾尔人推向贫穷的边缘。

http://web.archive.org/web/20200727071830/https://www.neac.gov.cn/seac/xwzx/201410/1010512.shtml；

（http://web.archive.org/web/20201011053305/http://www.carbontree.com.cn/NewsShow.asp?Bid=4294 新疆塔里木盆地沙漠植被减少速度加快原因探索）；

http://web.archive.org/web/20030903132719/http://www.huaxia.com/xjbt/xjjsbt_002.htm400多条主要河流入兵团

（http://web.archive.org/web/20190614054200/http://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2008-04/11/content_942704.htm 习近平在纪念王震同志诞辰１００周年座谈会上的讲话）

谷歌翻译版：

From “reclamation and protection of the border” to “maintaining stability and protection of the border”

Yilihamto Heti Research Institute|The Netherlands Uyghur Human Rights Foundation

November 2020

Before the CCP established the “People’s Republic of China”, Uyghurs established their own country twice. Before Wang Zhen’s invasion in 1949, the blue star and moon flag was still flying on the land of East Turkistan. In the military, political, economic and diplomatic fields, they were completely independent and had nothing to do with the CCP. However, today the Uighurs’ land has become “an inalienable part of Chinese territory since ancient times.” On November 12th each year, Uyghurs commemorate the “Republic of East Turkistan” they have established in various situations, because every Uyghur understands in their hearts that they do not belong to China, and that is why they will Continue to suffer persecution and eventually fall into genocide.

In fact, the Chinese Soviet Republic, which came out with the support of the CPSU and the Communist International, passed the “Constitution Outline of the Chinese Soviet Republic” at the National Congress held in November 1931, which stipulated: “The Chinese Soviet regime recognizes the minority in China. The nation has reached the right to self-determination, and has been recognized until the weak and small nations have the right to secede from China and form an independent state of their own. They have full self-determination, join or secede from the Chinese Soviet Federation or establish their own autonomous regions. The Chinese Soviet regime is now trying to help these weak The nation is completely free from the oppressive rule of the imperialist Kuomintang warlord princes, lamas, chieftains, etc., and it is even more necessary to develop their own national culture and national language among these nations.” They also declared to the world that the proletariat and the oppressed nations stand on a revolutionary manifestation with it, and the state Soviet Republic under the dictatorship of the proletariat is its solid alliance. However, since 1949, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, Wang Zhen led the People’s Liberation Army to invade Uyghur homes, the promise of “national self-determination” has since disappeared.

The “Xinjiang Construction Corps” was established in 1954 and the report on “Draft Five-Year Plan for Production and Construction of the Xinjiang Military Region” was approved at the 1st Party Congress in 1955 (1953–1957). The plan stipulates: “The first five-year plan focuses on the development of agriculture, takes water conservancy construction as the first, and focuses on the northern Xinjiang region to accelerate the construction of state-owned farms.” This is the starting point for the XPCC to dominate the land and natural resources in the Uyghur region. During this period, the XPCC did not consider recruiting young supporters from local areas, but recruited a large number of Han Chinese from Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Gansu, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Tianjin and other places and demobilized and demobilized the People’s Liberation Army to the Uyghur region. By the end of 1960, the total population of the XPCC had reached 724,100. The number of people is 4.1 times as many as when the Corps was established in 1954. By October 1964, a total of 126,700 Han Chinese had been placed in the Corps.

During the “Great Leap Forward” from 1958 to 1960, the XPCC set off a climax of reclamation and land reclamation and construction of water conservancy. In the name of development, it completely controlled the Tarim River Basin in southern Xinjiang and the Manas River Basin in northern Xinjiang, and built 107 farms and pastoral groups. . The Tarim River is the longest inland river in the Uyghur region with a total length of 2,179 kilometers. It is second only to the Volga River (3530 kilometers) in the former Soviet Union. It was originally called the Tarim River, which means “horse without rein” in Uyghur language. And “fields, farming”, it is one of the most important water sources for agricultural development in the Uyghur region. At that time, the Populus euphratica forests on both sides of the Tarim River covered the sun, forming a natural green corridor and fertile thousands of miles. Statistics from the CCP’s “National Comprehensive Examination Team” in 1958 showed that there are 7.8 million mu of Populus euphratica forest growing in the Tarim Basin, with a storage volume of 5.4 million cubic meters. However, by 1979, when the Xinjiang forestry survey calculated by aerial survey, Populus euphratica forest had been reduced to 4.2 million mu, with a stock volume of 2.18 million cubic meters, a 46% decrease from 1958.

The natural ecological environment, the quality of human life, the sustainable development of the economy, and the harmony and stability of the society are all importantly related to water. Therefore, in the southern Uyghur region, the water issue is actually a political and social issue. Why has the water shortage become more and more serious in these years? Desertification ← water shortage ← increase of arable land ← large numbers of land reclamation ← the planned influx of Han immigrants has caused water shortage, especially the deteriorating ecology in the lower reaches of the Tarim River is actually caused by the Han people (including the Corps) opening up wasteland.

(Populus euphratica that dried up on the riverbed due to dry-up)

Since the 1960s, various undertakings of the XPCC have been fully developed with various supports from the Central Government of the Communist Party of China, and the farms and pastures have basically achieved mechanization, water conservancy, and landscaping. With the development and growth of the Corps, the living standards of Uyghurs have also fallen into poverty, backwardness and various pressures. After the Ita Incident in 1962, the Corps, in accordance with the instructions of the Xinjiang Military Region, added 58 “border defense stations” and farms along the Sino-Soviet border in the name of cooperating with the “National Defense Force”.

In other words, since the establishment of the special organization of the Corps, Uyghurs have faced an existential crisis. From land reform to peasant cooperatives, forcibly confiscating mosque land, and at the same time military suppressing Uyghurs who resisted land grabbing, occupying the best quality and abundant water resources, the XPCC’s agricultural population is less than 9% of the total agricultural population in the Uyghur region, but it occupies the total arable land in the Uyghur region More than one-third of the area.

Uyghurs account for more than 80% of the agricultural and animal husbandry population in the Uyghur region. However, most of them are squeezed in the four prefectures of Hotan, Kashgar, Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture, and Aksu where there is insufficient arable land. The water resources in these areas are basically controlled by the Corps. There are more than 570 rivers in the Uyghur region (including major river tributaries). Except for the Irtysh River in the north that enters the Arctic Ocean, and the Chilukapu River in the south that enters the Indian Ocean, the rest All are inland rivers. Among them, there are 487 small rivers with an annual runoff of less than 100 million cubic meters, 66 rivers with an annual runoff of 100 to 1 billion cubic meters, and large rivers with an annual runoff of more than 1 billion cubic meters. The northern Xinjiang mainly has the Ili River. , Irtysh River, Ulungu River, Manas River, southern Xinjiang mainly has Tarim River, Yeerqiang River, Aksu River, Hotan River, Kashgar River, Kaidu River. ○3 There are more than 400 rivers flowing through the regiment field of the Corps, and the 10 large rivers mentioned above all flow into the Corps. In the first 50 years of the CCP’s rule of Uyghur regions, there were no effective water storage facilities for farmers in the four prefectures in southern Xinjiang where Uyghurs live, and no shelter forests were built, resulting in lack of irrigation and soil erosion in these areas.

Lack of water, but financial assistance, but policy support for the Family Corps’ competition for resources has plunged Uyghurs into a quagmire of poverty.

The CCP has implemented the reform and opening policy for more than 20 years. Due to its one-sided pursuit of economic interests and disregarding local economic development, people’s livelihood and fairness, Uyghurs cannot obtain their own benefits from local resource development, leading to economic and social development. A structural disorder that deviates from development. With the ensuing high unemployment rate among Uyghurs, the gap between the rich and the poor in northern and southern Xinjiang has significantly widened, and the formation of “poor southern Xinjiang four states”.

Under the rule of the Chinese Communist Party, the “Xinjiang Construction Corps” brought unprecedented disasters to the Uyghur people. Over the past half a century, the XPCC has, with its special status, and with the funding and policy support of the Chinese government, has changed from “reclamation and protection of borders” under the slogan of “not competing for profit with the people” to today’s so-called “promoting exchanges and integration of all ethnic groups.” The theme of “Maintaining Stability and Defending Borders” has become the “protagonist” in the CCP’s genocide plan against Uyghurs.

According to the internal report “National Interest Above All-Observations and Reflections on Xinjiang Stability” prepared by Wang Lequan, a member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China and the former Secretary of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, the second report of the comprehensive report, “Xinjiang area countermeasures from 1950 to 1995 The history of the separatist struggle” revealed the major Uyghur protests that occurred after the corps stationed in the Uyghur region.

It is not difficult to see from Wang Lequan’s report that the Uyghurs were constantly competing for resources and living space by the Corps from 1950 to 1997 under the rule of the CCP. Therefore, Uyghurs have never stopped desperately resisting the invaders. . . . However, the Chinese government has never been on the side of solving problems, but treated the Uyghurs collectively as enemies.

As China develops and grows, the CCP’s hostility towards Uyghurs has become open without concealment. Xi Jinping commented on Wang Zhen at the Symposium on “The 100th Anniversary of Wang Zhen’s Birth” on April 11, 2008: ○4 “Comrade Wang Zhen is an outstanding member of the Communist Party of China, a great proletarian revolutionary and politician , Military strategist, staunch Marxist, outstanding leader of the party and the country. During his more than sixty years of revolutionary career, he has made significant contributions to the liberation of the Chinese people, the establishment of New China, to the cause of socialist construction and reform and opening up, and he is deeply respected and loved by the entire party and people of all ethnic groups. .

This evaluation is clearly overturning Wang Zhen’s crime of massacring Uyghurs. In 1949, when the People’s Liberation Army entered Xinjiang under the leadership of Wang Zhen, Wang Zhen immediately launched a mass murder when it encountered armed resistance. Every PLA was killed, that is, killed ten times as many Uyghurs in revenge. Some villages harbored “rebels” or Without surrendering the “suspects” who attacked the People’s Liberation Army, Wang Zhen’s army bombarded the village with large-scale artillery massacres. In his “My Western Regions, Your Eastern Land”, Wang Lixiong quoted Uyghur dissident intellectuals as saying that Wang Zhen killed 60,000 Uyghur intellectuals and religious figures.

The CCP uses the Corps in the Uyghur region to suppress Uyghurs and artificially create poverty, backwardness and restlessness. Although the corps was temporarily withdrawn by the CCP in 1975 due to the constant Uyghur resistance incidents and the pressure of the local people. Although there are different opinions about the reasons for the abolition of the Bingtuan, the only thing in common among these claims is that the Uyghurs’ resistance and dissatisfaction stemmed from the persecution of the Bingtuan.

The Xinjiang Corps has always used “maintaining regional stability” and “peace” as the reason for their legitimate existence in the Uyghur region. However, based on the current situation of the Uyghurs, it is certain that the XPCC has planned and planned to push the Uyghurs to the edge of poverty in the Uyghur area all the year round with the CCP.